Efectos del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en la capacidad del ejercicio en personas con condiciones pulmonares crónicas: Una revisión narrativa.
Autores: Abbey Sawyer, Vinicius Cavalheri, Kylie Hill
El entrenamiento físico es importante en la rehabilitación pulmonar debido a que en varias revisiones sistemáticas donde se selecciona a pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), fibrosis quística (FQ) , bronquiectasias no-FQ, enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales, asma y cáncer pulmonar de células no pequeñas, han demostrado que este incrementa los componentes del acondicionamiento cardiopulmonar y la capacidad del ejercicio, medidos por el consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2pico) y la tasa de trabajo máxima (Wmax), ademas de un impacto en la calidad de vida ya que disminuye la severidad de los síntomas como la disnea y fatiga.
Para la población no enferma se ha recomendado al entrenamiento de intervalos a alta intensidad (HIIT) ya que modifica los parámetros del acondicionamiento y capacidad del ejercicio por lo que la aplicabilidad de este a los pacientes con enfermedades pulmonares crónicas pueden tener un efecto positivo en términos de respuesta al entrenamiento.
El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es proveer una evaluación sobre los beneficios del HIIT en adultos con EPOC y otras patologías pulmonares; en la revisión de estudios se encontró la comparación de aquellos pacientes quienes recibieran HIIT vs no realizar ejercicio ó HIIT vs ejercicio continuo a una intensidad moderada.
Resultados
Se demuestra para los pacientes con EPOC en dos estudios, diferencias a favor del HIIT vs no hacer ejercicio, sin embargo, no parece exista una ventaja cuando se compara HIIT vs el ejercicio continuo a una intensidad moderada; para los pacientes con fibrosis quística los estudios revisados muestran beneficios similares entre HIIT y el ejercicio continuo a intensidad moderada; Los pacientes previos a resección de cáncer pulmonar de células no pequeñas y pacientes asmáticos en dos estudios demostraron beneficio a favor de HIIT comparado con el no hacer ejercicio en el VO2pico.
Conclusión
Los autores mencionan que el HIIT incrementa el acondicionamiento cardiopulmonar y la capacidad del ejercicio al compararse con el no hacer ejercicio, no obstante al compararlo con otra modalidad como es el ejercicio continuo a intensidad moderada en los pacientes con EPOC y otras patologías pulmonares tienen beneficios de una misma magnitud, razón por la cual se debe continuar investigando los efectos del HIIT en dichas condiciones.
Fuente: Sawyer, A., Cavalheri, V. & Hill, K. Effects of high intensity interval training on exercise capacity in people with chronic pulmonary conditions: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil12, 22 (2020).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00167-y
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